Investors, corporate boards and leaders were already under mounting pressure to instill environmental, social and governance (ESG) principles in investment decisions, corporate strategies and operations. Now the COVID-19 outbreak is reminding them that these principles are inextricably linked to the resilience and long-term success of a corporation. “This crisis underscores that ESG is not a separate set of issues, and that corporations don’t exist in a vacuum,” says Holly Gregory, co-leader of Sidley’s global Corporate Governance and Executive Compensation practice. “Rather, consideration of environmental, social and governance issues are fundamental to what successful corporations do, and to the critical role these businesses play in society – providing goods, services and employment, and using their ingenuity to solve problems.”

Though much remains uncertain, it’s safe to say that in the months and years that follow, business leaders will be judged by how they respond to this crisis – and not only in managing cash flow, adapting supply chains and tackling business continuity issues.

Key stakeholders won’t soon forget – and will likely reward – the grocery chains that established special senior hours and social distancing, the delivery services that proved reliable, the automotive executives who retooled factories to produce ventilators, the clothing designers who pivoted to churning out personal protective equipment, and the drug makers who accelerated the development of vaccines and other potential therapies.

We are also seeing how ESG factors into real-time decisions: around whether to hire, retain or furlough workers; decrease, maintain or increase R&D spending; or temporarily repurpose resources to manufacture essential goods. All of these decisions and more, Gregory says, are closely intertwined with ESG considerations.

“There’s this narrative that corporations have to choose between serving their shareholders and serving higher purposes like social good or employee well-being,” she adds. “That’s a false dichotomy. A company doesn’t last in business or deliver strong returns unless it does a pretty good job on all of those criteria. How companies are responding to COVID-19 brings that into sharper focus.”

Board members play a pivotal role in ensuring that management is well positioned to integrate ESG considerations into core business decisions – rather than viewing ESG as a siloed function.

“The board’s role is to focus management on how corporate purpose, values and culture should play a part in continuity planning, both during this crisis and in preparation for others,” Gregory says. “They can challenge assumptions, asking the hard – but necessary – questions, while insisting that long-term impacts be considered.”

Those questions might include: How are ESG considerations factored into specific continuity actions? If, for instance, management decides to furlough workers, what projections were used and what assumptions were made? How were alternatives assessed and what plans are in place to mitigate the negative impacts? For example, absent a furlough, what other actions were considered to protect the business during a downturn? What will a furlough mean for our ability to come quickly back online? Can we keep furloughed employees on the company’s health insurance for a period of time?

It remains to be seen whether shareholders will continue to increase their support for ESG shareholder proposals this proxy season. However, there is little indication that the attention of the largest institutional investors and their proxy advisors will wane – or that shareholders will give management and boards the benefit of the doubt, and reserve judgment until 2021. On the investor side, signals have been mixed. While BlackRock hasn’t backed off its push for ESG, the Principles for Responsible Investment initiative has advocated that investors defer engagement on ESG matters unrelated to COVID-19, so as to allow corporate leadership to focus on the crisis – a crisis which is not only raising novel and complex board-level questions but also heightening the urgency around long-standing issues.

For example, in annual compensation reviews, boards should think beyond the pandemic, especially given the volatility in equities markets and the intensified scrutiny of these matters during and after an economic disruption.

“Say a company today grants more shares to executives, given low stock values, in lieu of a pay raise,” Gregory says. “What happens if in six months the crisis passes and stock prices soar? What are the optics, especially if workers were laid off? What do disclosures look like next year?”

The large numbers of employees working from home could dangerously increase cybersecurity risk. Boards should make sure management is especially attuned to those risks, Gregory suggests, as well as to leadership succession plans, should a key executive – or executives – be unavailable.

She also cautions that because market volatility is often accompanied by shifts in shareholder activism, boards should ensure companies are prepared to defend against takeover attempts – and have up-to-date poison pills on the shelf. “There may not be a ton of contests for board seats right now, but activists haven’t gone away,” Gregory says. “And vulnerabilities may change drastically as the crisis unfolds.”

To guide organizations through these risks, boards themselves need high-energy directors who are not “overboarded” – a problem that becomes more acute now, as directors serving on several boards may be juggling several crises at a time. Boards also need to consider their own resiliency, including whether appropriate emergency bylaws are in place in case directors are incapacitated and a quorum can’t be achieved.

As the COVID-19 crisis subsides, boards and executives will emerge with plans responding to a range of issues – pandemic and otherwise. Gregory expects the outbreak to have long-lasting effects on business needs, the work environment and individual habits, whether it’s a shift away from highly populated areas or toward more acceptance of remote work and reliance on e-commerce. What’s more, in the wake of the global humanitarian crisis set off by COVID-19, many stakeholders will look to corporations for help with finding solutions and offsetting further damage. Shifting conditions and changing expectations will also present strategic opportunities.

The crisis reminds us all just how dependent we are on corporations, for everything from groceries to information to healthcare. “Boards and corporate leaders have a unique opportunity to better articulate the value their corporations provide to society, through their provision of core goods and services, their innovation, their employment and training, and their role in the supply chain," Gregory says. "All of these activities have ESG implications, and corporate leaders need to become more comfortable in discussing these considerations in the context of their decision-making and in defining the corporation’s purpose and its values.”